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Question paper · UP TGT

UP TGT 2021 — Physical Education (Series A)

August 2021125 questions+4 for a correct answer, −0 for a wrong one

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Questions from the U.P. Secondary Education Services Selection Board’s paper of August 2021. Each question’s answer is under it, hidden until you open it, and the full answer key is at the end. Take the paper as a timed practice test to be scored.

The official booklet is a scan with no text, so ExamBharo typed this paper from it by hand. A typing slip is possible; report one through the contact page.

The board deleted questions 50, 70, 80 and 115 in its final answer key: shown here, with no answer, and not counted in the score.

Physical Education

1. For 'Long Jump' velocity of wind is measured for the duration of
- (a) 10 sec.
- (b) 5 sec.
- (c) 15 sec.
- (d) 20 sec.
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Answer: (b)
2. Which of the following is called "Power House" of muscle cell ?
- (a) Mitochondria
- (b) Cytoplasm
- (c) Protoplasm
- (d) Nucleus
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Answer: (a)
3. Explosive strength is associated with
- (a) Resistance with speed
- (b) Speed against the resistance
- (c) Maximum resistance
- (d) Speed play
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Answer: (b)
4. Increase in the thickness of muscle fiber is called
- (a) Inflation
- (b) Hypertrophy
- (c) Hypoxia
- (d) Endomorphy
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Answer: (b)
5. Who was the First Principal of Y. M. C. A. College of Physical Education ?
- (a) G. D. Sondhi
- (b) H. C. Buck
- (c) B. P. Coubertain
- (d) C. A. John
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Answer: (b)
6. The winner of 2020 French open
- (a) Roger Federer
- (b) Rafael Nadal
- (c) Novak Djokovik
- (d) Nadal Michal
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Answer: (b)
7. Who was the promoter of "Surplus Energy Theory" of play ?
- (a) Carl Groos
- (b) G. Stanley Hall
- (c) Mc. Donald
- (d) V. Shiller and H. Spencer
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Answer: (d)
8. What is the most effective method for encouraging self learning ?
- (a) Demonstration method
- (b) Lecture method
- (c) Observation method
- (d) Task method
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Answer: (c)
9. Distance of Marathon race is
- (a) 43.195 Km
- (b) 42.195 Km
- (c) 41.185 Km
- (d) 40.165 Km
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Answer: (b)
10. If the new skill to be learned is different than the already learnt skill, transfer of learning will be
- (a) Positive
- (b) Absolute
- (c) Negative
- (d) Zero
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Answer: (d)
11. Adaptation to training load at high altitudes is known as
- (a) Thermoregulation
- (b) Super compensation
- (c) Acclimatization
- (d) None of the above
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Answer: (c)
12. 'Sit and Reach Test' measures
- (a) Abdominal strength
- (b) Shoulder flexibility
- (c) Hamstring and back flexibility
- (d) Hyperextension of the back
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Answer: (c)
13. The P.I.B. (Plastic Indicator Board) is related to
- (a) Shooting
- (b) Shot-put
- (c) Long jump
- (d) Basketball
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Answer: (c)
14. What does the abbreviation "HIV" stands for ?
- (a) Human Immune Direct Virus
- (b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- (c) Human Immunotransmission Virus
- (d) Human Immuno Virus
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Answer: (b)
15. Which of the following bind the muscle to the bone ?
- (a) Muscle fiber
- (b) Nerve
- (c) Tendon
- (d) Filament
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Answer: (c)
16. The Olympic Flag was first hoisted in
- (a) Antwerp (1920)
- (b) Berlin (1916)
- (c) Paris (1924)
- (d) London (1908)
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Answer: (a)
17. 'Radha Mohan Cup' is associated with
- (a) Football
- (b) Horse Race
- (c) Polo
- (d) Weightlifting
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Answer: (c)
18. Which is the formula to calculate stagger distance of a lane ?
- (a) w(n – 1) – .10 × π
- (b) w(n – 1) – .10 × 2π
- (c) w(n – 1) – .10
- (d) w(n) – .10
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Answer: (b)
19. 'Parietal bone' is situated in
- (a) Skull
- (b) Vertebral Column
- (c) Foot
- (d) Hand
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Answer: (a)
20. The first Indian woman Gymnast to take part in Olympic Games
- (a) Kalpana Chawla
- (b) Anju Bobby George
- (c) P. T. Usha
- (d) Deepa Karmakar
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Answer: (d)
21. Which one of the following is not a type of tournament ?
- (a) Elimination
- (b) Round Robin
- (c) Anticipatory
- (d) Bagnall-wild
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Answer: (c)
22. Where is the Headquarter of International Olympic Committee located ?
- (a) Beijing
- (b) London
- (c) Switzerland
- (d) Germany
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Answer: (c)
23. Which country postponed the organisation of Olympic Games due to Corona (Covid-19) ?
- (a) Japan
- (b) China
- (c) England
- (d) Korea
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Answer: (a)
24. Pyramid tournament falls in the category of
- (a) Knock-out
- (b) League
- (c) Combination
- (d) Challenge
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Answer: (d)
25. 'Trial and Error Theory' was proposed by
- (a) Newton
- (b) Pavlov
- (c) Thorndike
- (d) Homer
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Answer: (c)
26. What is the width of lines in athletics track events ?
- (a) 5 cm
- (b) 5.1 cm
- (c) 5.2 cm
- (d) 5.3 cm
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Answer: (a)
27. The ability to achieve maximum speed from stationary position is called
- (a) Reaction ability
- (b) Movement ability
- (c) Acceleration ability
- (d) Locomotor ability
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Answer: (c)
28. Which Indian was the first to win World title in Badminton ?
- (a) Prakash Padukon
- (b) Syed Modi
- (c) Aparna Popat
- (d) P. Gopichand
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Answer: (a)
29. How many officials are required for a volleyball match during Asian games ?
- (a) 4
- (b) 3
- (c) 8
- (d) 10
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Answer: (c)
30. Longest muscle in human body is
- (a) Biceps
- (b) Sartorius
- (c) Triceps
- (d) Rectus femoris
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Answer: (b)
31. Which of the following is not related to football ?
- (a) Penalty area
- (b) Umpire
- (c) Trapping
- (d) Off side
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Answer: (b)
32. Which of the following is called the "Master Gland" ?
- (a) Pituitary gland
- (b) Hypothalamus gland
- (c) Thyroid gland
- (d) All of the above
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Answer: (a)
33. Height of hurdles in 110 m. Hurdle race is
- (a) 1.07 m.
- (b) 0.914 m.
- (c) 0.840 m.
- (d) 1.00 m.
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Answer: (a)
34. Which one is not a kind of Nervous System ?
- (a) Sensory
- (b) Central
- (c) Peripheral
- (d) Autonomic
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Answer: (a)
35. Anatomy deals with the study of
- (a) Functions of human body
- (b) Human nature
- (c) Structure of human body
- (d) Functions of human body parts
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Answer: (c)
36. 'Interval Training Method' was developed by
- (a) W. Gerschler
- (b) E. V. Aaken
- (c) R. E. Morgan
- (d) G. D. Admason
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Answer: (a)
37. 'Kyphosis' is also called
- (a) Hallow back
- (b) Round back
- (c) Lateral back
- (d) Back curve
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Answer: (b)
38. Which of the following is not matched correctly ?
- (a) Bekham – Football
- (b) Serena Williams – Tennis
- (c) Dipeeka Sandhu – Badminton
- (d) Sania Mirza – Tennis
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Answer: (c)
39. The word "Percussion" is associated with
- (a) Wrestling
- (b) Judo
- (c) Swimming
- (d) Massage
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Answer: (d)
40. Who said 'Sound mind in a Sound Body' ?
- (a) Descartes
- (b) Rousseau
- (c) Aristotle
- (d) Plato
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Answer: (c)
41. 'French short service test' is for the game of
- (a) Volleyball
- (b) Tennis
- (c) Badminton
- (d) Table-Tennis
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Answer: (c)
42. The ability to adjust the movement effectively on the basis of changing situation is called
- (a) Adaptation ability
- (b) Coupling ability
- (c) Rhythm ability
- (d) Differentiation ability
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Answer: (a)
43. Which disease is transmitted from infected mammals to man ?
- (a) Rabies
- (b) Malaria
- (c) Chickenpox
- (d) AIDS
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Answer: (a)
44. How many times has India won Hockey Gold Medal in Olympics ?
- (a) 7 times
- (b) 8 times
- (c) 6 times
- (d) 4 times
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Answer: (b)
45. 'Rangaswami Cup' is associated with the game of
- (a) Hockey
- (b) Judo
- (c) Wrestling
- (d) Kho-Kho
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Answer: (a)
46. 'Release and reverse' techniques are related to
- (a) Swimming
- (b) Shot-put
- (c) Baseball
- (d) Javelin
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Answer: (b)
47. Study of 'joints' is called
- (a) Kinesiology
- (b) Biology
- (c) Anthropology
- (d) Arthrology
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Answer: (d)
48. The angle of sector for Discus throw is
- (a) 40°
- (b) 45°
- (c) 34.92°
- (d) 35.50°
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Answer: (c)
49. The ability of a muscle to contract forcefully in a quickest possible time is called
- (a) Strength
- (b) Power
- (c) Speed
- (d) Agility
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Answer: (b)
50. Arrange the following factors that determine flight distance in the long jump in descending order : 1. Air resistance 2. Take-off velocity 3. Take-off height 4. Take-off angle Codes :
- (a) 4, 1, 2, 3
- (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
- (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
- (d) 2, 4, 3, 1
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Answer: —
51. Which one is not a Endocrine gland ?
- (a) Pituitary
- (b) Peripheral
- (c) Adrenal
- (d) Pancreas
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Answer: (b)
52. Osteology is the study of
- (a) Muscles
- (b) Bones
- (c) Joints
- (d) Nerves
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Answer: (b)
53. In which year did India organise Asian Games in Second time ?
- (a) 1951
- (b) 2010
- (c) 1984
- (d) 1982
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Answer: (d)
54. 'Reflex action' is controlled by
- (a) Cerebrum
- (b) Spinal cord
- (c) Cerebellum
- (d) Medulla oblongata
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Answer: (b)
55. Which of the following is not a source of proteins ?
- (a) Egg
- (b) Meat
- (c) Edible oil
- (d) Milk
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Answer: (c)
56. Goniometer measures
- (a) Strength
- (b) Endurance
- (c) Power
- (d) Flexibility
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Answer: (d)
57. Which of the following is not the category of 'Croutch Start' ?
- (a) Short start
- (b) Medium start
- (c) Elongated start
- (d) Bunch start
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Answer: (a)
58. Which of the following minerals are useful for bones and teeth ?
- (a) Calcium and phosphorus
- (b) Potassium and calcium
- (c) Sulphur and iron
- (d) Phosphorus and iron
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Answer: (a)
59. How many match will be played when teams are 30 in knock out tournament ?
- (a) 28
- (b) 27
- (c) 29
- (d) 30
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Answer: (c)
60. Which of the following Award is given by U. P. Government to sports person ?
- (a) Yash Bharatiya Award
- (b) Arjun Award
- (c) Laxman Award
- (d) Khel Ratna Award
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Answer: (c)
61. 'Finish grip' is related to
- (a) Golf stick
- (b) Cricket bat
- (c) Hockey
- (d) Javelin
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Answer: (d)
62. Individual differences are due to
- (a) Environmental impact
- (b) Heredity impact
- (c) Heredity and Environmental impact
- (d) None of the above
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Answer: (c)
63. Which one is not a method of drawing fixture ?
- (a) Cyclic method
- (b) Tabular method
- (c) Circular method
- (d) Stair case method
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Answer: (c)
64. The energy value of food is measured in the Unit of
- (a) Gram
- (b) Watt
- (c) Calories
- (d) Ampere
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Answer: (c)
65. Which Asana from the following is performed in sitting position ?
- (a) Chakrasana
- (b) Ardha-Matsyendrasana
- (c) Mayurasana
- (d) Trikonasana
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Answer: (b)
66. Which one of the following is not a theory of play ?
- (a) Psycho-analytic theory
- (b) Psycho-physical theory
- (c) Social-contact theory
- (d) Cathartic theory
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Answer: (b)
67. 'Dead ball' is associated with
- (a) Softball
- (b) Basketball
- (c) Hockey
- (d) Cricket
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Answer: (d)
68. 'Transition period' aims at
- (a) Stabilization of performance
- (b) Super compensation
- (c) Recreation
- (d) Recovery
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Answer: (d)
69. Which one is not a technique of finish the race ?
- (a) Run through
- (b) Lung
- (c) Shoulder shrug
- (d) Torso finish
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Answer: (d)
70. During the conduct of a penalty stroke in Hockey, the umpire takes position over
- (a) Centre line
- (b) 25 yard line
- (c) Striking circle
- (d) Goal line
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Answer: —
71. AAHPERD youths fitness test is for measuring
- (a) General motor ability
- (b) Motor fitness
- (c) Motor educability
- (d) All of the above
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Answer: (b)
72. 'Lady Ratan Tata Trophy' is associated with the game of
- (a) Football
- (b) Basketball
- (c) Hockey
- (d) Badminton
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Answer: (c)
73. Which one of the following is not a component of health related physical fitness ?
- (a) Strength
- (b) Flexibility
- (c) Speed
- (d) Endurance
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Answer: (c)
74. Devis Cup is related to which game ?
- (a) Badminton
- (b) Football
- (c) Basketball
- (d) Tennis
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Answer: (d)
75. Which one is not the principle of sports training ?
- (a) Principle of overload
- (b) Principle of individuality
- (c) Principle of stop and go
- (d) Principle of specificity
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Answer: (c)
76. 1. Optimum acceleration 2. Greater speed 3. Parallelogram of vectors 4. More optimum angle 5. A greater height of release Codes :
- (a) (2), (4), (5)
- (b) (1), (3), (4)
- (c) (1), (3), (5)
- (d) (2), (3), (4)
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Answer: (a)
77. Which of the following instrument measure 'Height' ?
- (a) Spirometer
- (b) Dynamometer
- (c) Stadiometer
- (d) Scoliometer
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Answer: (c)
78. 'Speed' is indicated in
- (a) Kilometer/second
- (b) Centimeter/hour
- (c) Newton
- (d) Kilometer/hour
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Answer: (d)
79. Which one is not a part of brain ?
- (a) Android
- (b) Cerebellum
- (c) Thalamus
- (d) Cerebrum
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Answer: (a)
80. Which of the following is not a cognitive disability ?
- (a) Dyslexia
- (b) Hyperactivity
- (c) Memory disorder
- (d) Sensory impairment
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Answer: —
81. The weight of men's Javelin is
- (a) 600 gm
- (b) 800 gm
- (c) 900 gm
- (d) 700 gm
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Answer: (b)
82. The 'motto' of Asian Games is
- (a) Fast forward
- (b) Ever onward
- (c) Ever forward
- (d) Forward and forward
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Answer: (b)
83. How many hurdles are required to be crossed by an Athlete in 400 m. Hurdle Race ?
- (a) 8
- (b) 10
- (c) 12
- (d) 20
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Answer: (b)
84. In which game 'Antenna' is used ?
- (a) Basketball
- (b) Cricket
- (c) Rugby
- (d) Volleyball
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Answer: (d)
85. Rehabilitation in sports is done using
- (a) Hydrotherapy
- (b) Corrective exercises
- (c) Cryotherapy
- (d) Spinotherapy
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Answer: (b)
86. Which one is not the part of small intestine ?
- (a) Duodenum
- (b) Jejunum
- (c) Ileum
- (d) Graneum
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Answer: (d)
87. Which of the following is not related to field Hockey ?
- (a) Bully
- (b) Off-side
- (c) Free hit
- (d) Penalty corner
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Answer: (b)
88. The Scapula bone is situated in
- (a) Leg
- (b) Hip
- (c) Upper back
- (d) Arm
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Answer: (c)
89. Dynamic strength is also called
- (a) Isometric strength
- (b) Isotonic strength
- (c) Isokinetic strength
- (d) Absolute strength
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Answer: (b)
90. 'Sergent Jump' measures
- (a) Explosive leg strength
- (b) Agility
- (c) Explosive arm strength
- (d) Flexibility
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Answer: (a)
91. 'Uber Cup' is associated with
- (a) Table Tennis (Men)
- (b) Table Tennis (Women)
- (c) Badminton (Men)
- (d) Badminton (Women)
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Answer: (d)
92. In 'flexion of elbow' biceps muscle acts as
- (a) Antagonist
- (b) Agonist
- (c) Stabilizer
- (d) Neutralizer
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Answer: (b)
93. In which country did the game of Volleyball originate ?
- (a) U.S.A.
- (b) Japan
- (c) Russia
- (d) Australia
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Answer: (a)
94. Match the terms of 'Food Source' with that of list 'Nutrient' and select the correct option using the codes given below : Food Source — Nutrient a. Milk, cheese, yogurt — 1. Carbohydrates b. Meat, egg, fish — 2. Calcium c. Vegetable group — 3. Protein d. Bread, rice, cereal — 4. Vitamins Codes : a b c d
- (a) 2 4 3 1
- (b) 2 3 4 1
- (c) 1 3 2 4
- (d) 1 4 3 2
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Answer: (b)
95. Which of the following is called 'building block' of life ?
- (a) Genes
- (b) Cell
- (c) Muscle fiber
- (d) Chromosomes
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Answer: (b)
96. How many hurdles are to be crossed in 3000 m. steeple chase race ?
- (a) 7 + 7
- (b) 14 + 7
- (c) 28 + 7
- (d) 10 + 7
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Answer: (c)
97. In which country the first football World Cup was played ?
- (a) America
- (b) Brazil
- (c) China
- (d) Uruguay
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Answer: (d)
98. Which of the following word is associated with the game of Hockey ?
- (a) Bully
- (b) Gully
- (c) Fly ball
- (d) Rolling ball
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Answer: (a)
99. Who suggested the body types – Picnik, Athletic and Asthenic ?
- (a) Sheldon
- (b) Kretchmer
- (c) Jung
- (d) Hall
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Answer: (b)
100. The final event in 'Decathlon' is always
- (a) Javelin throw
- (b) 1500 meter race
- (c) 110 meter hurdles
- (d) 800 meter race
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Answer: (b)
101. Psychology is taught to the student of Physical Education because
- (a) It enhances performance
- (b) It is related to behaviour
- (c) It help in learning
- (d) It motivates athletes
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Answer: (b)
102. Which one is not the category of drugs ?
- (a) Narcotics
- (b) Dependents
- (c) Depressants
- (d) Stimulants
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Answer: (b)
103. 'Harvard step test' was constructed by
- (a) Harvard
- (b) Thomas Cureton
- (c) Lucien Brouha
- (d) Sergent
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Answer: (c)
104. The main function of W. B. C. is to
- (a) Transport substances
- (b) Remove dead cells
- (c) Increase blood circulation
- (d) Fight against bacteria
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Answer: (d)
105. The term "Fusiform" is related to
- (a) Skeletal muscle
- (b) Heart muscle
- (c) Smooth muscle
- (d) None of the above
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Answer: (a)
106. Dr. B. C. Roy Trophy is associated with
- (a) Hockey
- (b) Badminton
- (c) Cricket
- (d) Football
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Answer: (d)
107. Fundamental skill "Instep Kick" is associated with
- (a) Swimming
- (b) Football
- (c) Taekwondo
- (d) Kabaddi
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Answer: (b)
108. Learning is a process of changing
- (a) Knowledge
- (b) Attitude
- (c) Behaviour
- (d) Character
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Answer: (c)
109. For what development is interval training used ?
- (a) Flexibility
- (b) Agility
- (c) Explosive strength
- (d) Endurance
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Answer: (d)
110. The height of the blackboard of Hockey goal is
- (a) 12 Inches
- (b) 10 Inches
- (c) 18 Inches
- (d) 24 Inches
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Answer: (c)
111. Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin ?
- (a) Vitamin – A
- (b) Vitamin – B
- (c) Vitamin – D
- (d) Vitamin – E
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Answer: (b)
112. How many Byes will be given for seven teams playing on single knock out basis competition ?
- (a) Two
- (b) One
- (c) Three
- (d) No bye will be given
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Answer: (b)
113. Who supervises the 'take over zone' during relay race ?
- (a) Referee
- (b) Umpire
- (c) Line men
- (d) Judge
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Answer: (b)
114. Mental age of an individual is detected by
- (a) Year, month and days
- (b) Through X-ray
- (c) Functional efficiency of organs
- (d) Psychological tests
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Answer: (d)
115. Obesity does not cause
- (a) Infertility
- (b) Cancer
- (c) Diabetes
- (d) Ischaemic heart disease
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Answer: —
116. In which of the following exercise work done is not considered as work scientifically ?
- (a) Isotonic exercises
- (b) Isometric exercises
- (c) Isokinetic exercises
- (d) Calesthenic exercises
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Answer: (b)
117. Pre-competition meal should be high in
- (a) Carbohydrate
- (b) Fat
- (c) Protein
- (d) Fiber
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Answer: (a)
118. Which of the following is a disease caused by virus ?
- (a) Cholera
- (b) Tuberculosis
- (c) Leprosy
- (d) Chickenpox
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Answer: (d)
119. Which of the following is the richest source of Vitamin 'C' ?
- (a) Banana
- (b) Apple
- (c) Guava
- (d) Tomato
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Answer: (c)
120. Which of the following is not a component of AAHPER youth fitness test ?
- (a) Pull-ups
- (b) Sit-ups
- (c) Standing Broad Jump
- (d) German Drill
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Answer: (d)
121. 'Pituitary Gland' is found in
- (a) Neck
- (b) Cranial Cavity
- (c) Pelvic Cavity
- (d) Skin
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Answer: (b)
122. 'Round Robin' belongs to
- (a) Knock out Tournament
- (b) Double Knock out Tournament
- (c) Ladder Tournament
- (d) League Tournament
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Answer: (d)
123. The Sternum is located in
- (a) Foot
- (b) Palm
- (c) Chest
- (d) Skull
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Answer: (c)
124. When eight teams are participating in a round-robin tournament, how many rounds will be played ?
- (a) 28
- (b) 21
- (c) 14
- (d) 7
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Answer: (d)
125. 'Gastrocnemius' muscle is situated at
- (a) Shoulder
- (b) Lower leg
- (c) Chest
- (d) Upper back
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Answer: (b)

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Answer key

Answer key from the U.P. Secondary Education Services Selection Board’s official answer key for this sitting. “—” means the key gave none: the question was deleted.

Physical Education

Q 1: (b)
Q 2: (a)
Q 3: (b)
Q 4: (b)
Q 5: (b)
Q 6: (b)
Q 7: (d)
Q 8: (c)
Q 9: (b)
Q 10: (d)
Q 11: (c)
Q 12: (c)
Q 13: (c)
Q 14: (b)
Q 15: (c)
Q 16: (a)
Q 17: (c)
Q 18: (b)
Q 19: (a)
Q 20: (d)
Q 21: (c)
Q 22: (c)
Q 23: (a)
Q 24: (d)
Q 25: (c)
Q 26: (a)
Q 27: (c)
Q 28: (a)
Q 29: (c)
Q 30: (b)
Q 31: (b)
Q 32: (a)
Q 33: (a)
Q 34: (a)
Q 35: (c)
Q 36: (a)
Q 37: (b)
Q 38: (c)
Q 39: (d)
Q 40: (c)
Q 41: (c)
Q 42: (a)
Q 43: (a)
Q 44: (b)
Q 45: (a)
Q 46: (b)
Q 47: (d)
Q 48: (c)
Q 49: (b)
Q 50: —
Q 51: (b)
Q 52: (b)
Q 53: (d)
Q 54: (b)
Q 55: (c)
Q 56: (d)
Q 57: (a)
Q 58: (a)
Q 59: (c)
Q 60: (c)
Q 61: (d)
Q 62: (c)
Q 63: (c)
Q 64: (c)
Q 65: (b)
Q 66: (b)
Q 67: (d)
Q 68: (d)
Q 69: (d)
Q 70: —
Q 71: (b)
Q 72: (c)
Q 73: (c)
Q 74: (d)
Q 75: (c)
Q 76: (a)
Q 77: (c)
Q 78: (d)
Q 79: (a)
Q 80: —
Q 81: (b)
Q 82: (b)
Q 83: (b)
Q 84: (d)
Q 85: (b)
Q 86: (d)
Q 87: (b)
Q 88: (c)
Q 89: (b)
Q 90: (a)
Q 91: (d)
Q 92: (b)
Q 93: (a)
Q 94: (b)
Q 95: (b)
Q 96: (c)
Q 97: (d)
Q 98: (a)
Q 99: (b)
Q 100: (b)
Q 101: (b)
Q 102: (b)
Q 103: (c)
Q 104: (d)
Q 105: (a)
Q 106: (d)
Q 107: (b)
Q 108: (c)
Q 109: (d)
Q 110: (c)
Q 111: (b)
Q 112: (b)
Q 113: (b)
Q 114: (d)
Q 115: —
Q 116: (b)
Q 117: (a)
Q 118: (d)
Q 119: (c)
Q 120: (d)
Q 121: (b)
Q 122: (d)
Q 123: (c)
Q 124: (d)
Q 125: (b)