UP PGT 2016 — Logic (Series A)

Logic

1. 1. In an argument the statement which logically follows from given statements is called

   • (a) Premises
   • (b) Conclusion
   • (c) Proposition
   • (d) Judgement
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b)

2. 2. The logical process of deducing a conclusion directly from a single premise is called

   • (a) inference
   • (b) mediate inference
   • (c) immediate inference
   • (d) direct inference
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (c)

3. 3. The statement “Roses are red and violets are blue” is an example for ______ statement.

   • (a) Simple
   • (b) Complicated
   • (c) Compound
   • (d) Unitary
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (c)

4. 4. A categorical statement

   • (a) is a statement of fact
   • (b) states a condition which follows from that condition
   • (c) states alternatives
   • (d) is a negation
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (a)

5. 5. The quantity and quality of S A P are ______ and ______ respectively.

   • (a) Particular, affirmative
   • (b) Particular, negative
   • (c) Universal, affirmative
   • (d) Universal, negative
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (c)

6. 6. The statement “Socrates is Greek” is

   • (a) Particular affirmative
   • (b) Universal affirmative
   • (c) Particular negative
   • (d) Universal negative
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b)

7. 7. In which of the following statements predicate (P) is distributed ? i. SAP ii. SEP iii. SIP iv. SOP

   • (a) ii, iv
   • (b) i, iii
   • (c) ii, iii
   • (d) iii, iv
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (a)

8. 8. In sub-altern relationship, if universal sub-altern is true, the particular sub-altern is

   • (a) False
   • (b) Doubtful
   • (c) True
   • (d) Neither true nor false
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (c)

9. 9. In sub contrary relationship if one statement is false, the other statement is

   • (a) False
   • (b) True
   • (c) Doubtful
   • (d) Neither true nor false
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b)

10. 10. In ______ the quality of the given proposition should not be changed in the conclusion.

    • (a) Obversion
    • (b) Absorption
    • (c) Conversion
    • (d) Addition
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

11. 11. In Obversion

    • (a) the quality of premise should not be changed in the conclusion
    • (b) the quality of the premise should be changed in the conclusion
    • (c) there must be transposition of terms
    • (d) no term undistributed in the premise should be made distributed in the conclusion
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: —

12. 12. In case of Subalternation between two propositions

    • (a) if universal is true, then particular is true
    • (b) if universal is false, then particular is false
    • (c) if particular is true, then universal is true
    • (d) none of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

13. 13. In an argument the premise in which minor term appears is called

    • (a) Middle premise
    • (b) Major premise
    • (c) Minor premise
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

14. 14. In an argument the predicate of the conclusion is called

    • (a) Predicate term
    • (b) Minor term
    • (c) Middle term
    • (d) Major term
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

15. 15. If the major premise is MIP and the minor premise is SIM, then the fallacy of ______ arises.

    • (a) Ambiguous middle
    • (b) Undistributed middle
    • (c) Four terms
    • (d) Negative premises
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

16. 16. In the first figure the major premise must be universal and the minor premise must be

    • (a) Particular
    • (b) Negative
    • (c) Affirmative
    • (d) Universal only
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

17. 17. In a valid argument

    • (a) Premises must be true
    • (b) Conclusion must be true
    • (c) Both premises and conclusion must be true
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

18. 18. In the third figure middle term is in the place of

    • (a) Subject in the major premise and predicate in the minor premise
    • (b) Predicate in both the premises
    • (c) Subject in both the premises
    • (d) Predicate in the major premise and subject in the minor premise
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

19. 19. The mood AII in the fourth figure involves the fallacy of

    • (a) Ambiguous middle
    • (b) Four terms
    • (c) Illicit minor
    • (d) Undistributed middle
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

20. 20. Which of the following moods is valid ?

    • (a) P I M / M A S / S I P
    • (b) P A M / S A M / S A P
    • (c) M I P / M I S / S I P
    • (d) P E M / S O M / S O P
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

21. 21. Inductive arguments are

    • (a) Valid
    • (b) Invalid
    • (c) Valid or invalid
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

22. 22. The house was built as a present for Mrs. X, who married in 2015, at a cost of twenty lakhs. The above statement is an example for

    • (a) Amphiboly
    • (b) Ambiguity
    • (c) Equivocation
    • (d) Accent
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

23. 23. In a syllogism, the predicate of the conclusion is the

    • (a) Middle term
    • (b) Major term
    • (c) Minor term
    • (d) Important term
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

24. 24. The book written by B.Russell along with A. N. Whitehead is

    • (a) Principia Mathematica
    • (b) A Modern Introduction to Logic
    • (c) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
    • (d) A History of Greek Philosophy
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

25. 25. Logical form of the statement “An elephant is a pachyderm” is

    • (a) Some elephants are pachyderms
    • (b) Some elephants are not pachyderms
    • (c) All elephants are pachyderms
    • (d) No elephant is a pachyderm
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

26. 26. (∃y) [Fy ⊃ (x) Fx] expresses

    • (a) Universal generalization
    • (b) Universal instantiation
    • (c) Existential generalization
    • (d) Existential instantiation
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

27. 27. If both the conjuncts are false, the conjunction is

    • (a) False
    • (b) True
    • (c) Doubtful
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

28. 28. The totally reflexive attribute of binary relation may be depicted as

    • (a) (x) (Rxy ⊃ Ryx)
    • (b) (x) Rxy
    • (c) (x) Rxx
    • (d) (x) (y) [Rxy]
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

29. 29. (p . q) is a/an

    • (a) Implication
    • (b) Conjunction
    • (c) Negation
    • (d) Disjunction
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

30. 30. The falsity of any negation means that it is

    • (a) True
    • (b) False
    • (c) Doubtful
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

31. 31. The symbolic form of the statement “London is not the capital of America and Washington is not the capital of Japan” is

    • (a) (~ L . ~W)
    • (b) (~ L . W)
    • (c) (L . ~W)
    • (d) (L . W)
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

32. 32. Which of the following forms of categorical syllogism is valid ?

    • (a) AAA – 2
    • (b) AII – 1
    • (c) AIO – 3
    • (d) AII – 4
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

33. 33. Logic is concerned with ______ of the argument.

    • (a) Only form
    • (b) Only matter
    • (c) Both form and matter
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

34. 34. If both p and q are false (p ⊃ q) is

    • (a) False
    • (b) Doubtful
    • (c) True
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

35. 35. The symbolic form of the statement “Brazil will protest to the UN if Argentina mobilizes” is

    • (a) B ⊃ A
    • (b) A ⊃ B
    • (c) B . A
    • (d) A . B
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

36. 36. Match the following : Statements a. Conjunction b. Negation c. Disjunction d. Implication Symbols i. Horse shoe ii. Wedge iii. Curl iv. Dot Codes :

    • (a) a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
    • (b) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
    • (c) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
    • (d) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

37. 37. An argument form is ______ if it has true premises and false conclusion.

    • (a) Invalid
    • (b) Valid
    • (c) Doubtful
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

38. 38. p ⊃ q q ⊃ r ∴ p ⊃ r The above argument form is

    • (a) A mixed hypothetical syllogism
    • (b) A pure hypothetical syllogism
    • (c) Modus ponens
    • (d) Modus tollens
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

39. 39. The statement is

    • (a) True
    • (b) False
    • (c) Undetermined
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

40. 40. (p ∨ ~ p) is a/an ______ statement.

    • (a) Analytic
    • (b) Synthetic
    • (c) Tautologous
    • (d) Contingent
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

41. 41. (p . ~ p) is a

    • (a) Contradiction
    • (b) Tautology
    • (c) Contingent
    • (d) Contrary
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

42. 42. The following mathematician and logician is known for his theorem on logical equivalence

    • (a) Leibnitz
    • (b) B.Russel
    • (c) A.N.Whitehead
    • (d) Augustus de Morgan
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

43. 43. ~ ( p . q ) is logically equivalent to

    • (a) (~ p ∨ ~ q)
    • (b) ~ p ∨ q
    • (c) (p ∨ ~ q)
    • (d) (p ∨ q)
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

44. 44. According to the principle of ______ no statement can be both true and false.

    • (a) Identity
    • (b) Excluded middle
    • (c) Difference
    • (d) Contradiction
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

45. 45. p ⊃ q ∴ p ⊃ (p . q) The above is the rule of

    • (a) Absorption
    • (b) Conjunction
    • (c) Addition
    • (d) Simplification
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

46. 46. Logic is a sub-branch coming under the branch of philosophy namely

    • (a) Ontology
    • (b) Epistemology
    • (c) Axiology
    • (d) Sociology
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

47. 47. The argument which appears to be correct but is proved to be incorrect on closer examination is called

    • (a) Conversion
    • (b) Eduction
    • (c) Obversion
    • (d) A fallacy
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

48. 48. When a mother tells her child to wash up for dinner, her statement is said to be

    • (a) Informative
    • (b) Expressive
    • (c) Directive
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

49. 49. ______ furnishes the best example of expressive language.

    • (a) Science
    • (b) Poetry
    • (c) Commands of an army officer
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

50. 50. In the statement “We should not speak ill of our students”, if the word ‘our’ is overstressed, we commit the fallacy of

    • (a) Accent
    • (b) Ascent
    • (c) Descent
    • (d) Amphiboly
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

51. 51. 1. A ⊃ B 2. C ⊃ D 3. B ∨ C/∴ A ∨ D If the above argument be invalid, what truth values can be assigned to A, B, C and D ?

    • (a) False, True, False and False
    • (b) True, True, False and False
    • (c) False, False, False and False
    • (d) True, True, True and False
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

52. 52. The term ‘Philosophy’ was popularised by

    • (a) Thales
    • (b) Anaximander
    • (c) Socrates
    • (d) Pythagoras
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

53. 53. The truth value of a statement is

    • (a) false only
    • (b) true only
    • (c) doubtful only
    • (d) either true or false
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

54. 54. The exclusive sense of p ∨ q is

    • (a) Either p or q
    • (b) Either p or q but not both
    • (c) Either p or q but both
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

55. 55. The alternative version of material implication is

    • (a) (p ⊃ q) ≡ (~p ∨ q)
    • (b) (p ⊃ ~q) ≡ (~p ∨ ~q)
    • (c) ~(p ⊃ q) ≡ (p . ~ q)
    • (d) (~p ⊃ q) ≡ (p . q)
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

56. 56. In traditional logic, if one of the premises is particular, the conclusion must be

    • (a) Negative
    • (b) Affirmative
    • (c) Universal
    • (d) Particular
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

57. 57. A categorical proposition talks of relationship between

    • (a) two or more propositions
    • (b) two facts
    • (c) two classes
    • (d) two arguments
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

58. 58. A propositional function must have

    • (a) at least one quantifier
    • (b) at least one bound variable
    • (c) at least one free variable
    • (d) at most two free variables
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

59. 59. (A. B) ⊃ C (A . B) ∴ C The above argument

    • (a) is valid
    • (b) involves the fallacy of affirming the consequent
    • (c) involves the fallacy of denying the antecedent
    • (d) is doubtful
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

60. 60. The obverse of the statement “All leaves are green” is

    • (a) No non-leaves are non-green
    • (b) Some leaves are non-green
    • (c) All leaves are non-green
    • (d) No leaves are non-green
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: —

61. 61. Which one of the following is not a valid mood of first figure ?

    • (a) Baroco
    • (b) Darii
    • (c) Celarent
    • (d) Barbara
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

62. 62. Match the following : List – I (Mood) a. Dimaris b. Felapton c. Baroco d. Barbara List – II (Figure) i. I Figure ii. III Figure iii. IV Figure iv. II Figure Codes :

    • (a) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
    • (b) a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
    • (c) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
    • (d) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

63. 63. The Logical process of deriving a statement on the basis of one or more statements is called

    • (a) Proposition
    • (b) Inherence
    • (c) Inference
    • (d) Propositional function
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

64. 64. The given statements which serve as the logical basis of conclusion are called

    • (a) Judgements
    • (b) Premises
    • (c) Explanations
    • (d) Elucidations
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

65. 65. A statement which doesnot contain any other statement in it is called ______ statement.

    • (a) Simple
    • (b) Simplified
    • (c) Compound
    • (d) Complex
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

66. 66. The book “The Mathematical Analysis of Logic” is attributed to

    • (a) Leibnitz
    • (b) George Boole
    • (c) Augustus de Morgan
    • (d) Bertrand Russell
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

67. 67. In a hypothetical statement, the part which states a condition is called

    • (a) Consequent
    • (b) Antecedent
    • (c) Affirmation
    • (d) Negation
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

68. 68. “No man is a fool” is a ______ statement.

    • (a) S I P
    • (b) S A P
    • (c) S O P
    • (d) S E P
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

69. 69. In which of the following statements both subject (S) and predicate (P) are undistributed ?

    • (a) Some men are not reliable
    • (b) All men are reliable
    • (c) Some men are reliable
    • (d) No man is reliable
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

70. 70. A and E are

    • (a) Contraries
    • (b) Sub-contraries
    • (c) Contradictories
    • (d) Sub-alterns
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

71. 71. E and O are ______ in quality.

    • (a) Affirmative
    • (b) Universal
    • (c) Particular
    • (d) Negative
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

72. 72. The logical process or deducing a conclusion directly from a single proposition is called

    • (a) Immediate inference
    • (b) Induction
    • (c) Inference
    • (d) Mediate inference
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

73. 73. The categorical statement which cannot be converted is

    • (a) A
    • (b) E
    • (c) I
    • (d) O
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

74. 74. The obverse of S O P is

    • (a) S E P
    • (b) S A P
    • (c) S O P
    • (d) S I P
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

75. 75. The process of deducing a conclusion on the basis of atleast two statements having a common term is called

    • (a) Immediate inference
    • (b) Mediate inference or syllogism
    • (c) Perfect induction
    • (d) Imperfect induction
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

76. 76. In a deductive argument

    • (a) premises are general statements
    • (b) conclusion is a particular statement
    • (c) conclusion is supported conclusively by the premises
    • (d) conclusion is an affirmative statement
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

77. 77. If the major term is undistributed in the major premise but gets distributed in the conclusion, a fallacy arises called the fallacy of

    • (a) Illicit major
    • (b) Illicit minor
    • (c) Undistributed middle
    • (d) Four terms
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

78. 78. If the major and minor premises are MOP and SOM respectively, the conclusion cannot be possible because both the premises are

    • (a) Universal
    • (b) Particular
    • (c) Affirmative
    • (d) Negative
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

79. 79. The argument in which the middle term occupies the place of predicate in both the premises is called ______ figure.

    • (a) Second
    • (b) First
    • (c) Fourth
    • (d) Third
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

80. 80. What is the minimum number of premises that an inference must have ?

    • (a) Two
    • (b) One
    • (c) Three
    • (d) Four
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

81. 81. The mood E A E in the third figure commits the fallacy of illicit

    • (a) Conversion
    • (b) Major
    • (c) Minor
    • (d) Middle
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

82. 82. All musicians are baseball players. No musician is an astronaut. ∴ No astronaut is a baseball player. The above argument involves the fallacy of

    • (a) Four terms
    • (b) Illicit major
    • (c) Illicit minor
    • (d) Negative premises
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

83. 83. SP̄ = O represents

    • (a) A proposition
    • (b) E proposition
    • (c) I proposition
    • (d) O proposition
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

84. 84. Which of the following is not a basic function of language ?

    • (a) informing
    • (b) imagining
    • (c) expressing
    • (d) directing
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

85. 85. Conversion is fully valid for

    • (a) A proposition
    • (b) I proposition
    • (c) O proposition
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

86. 86. Organon is the work on traditional logic attributed to

    • (a) Thales
    • (b) Pythagoras
    • (c) Aristotle
    • (d) Socrates
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

87. 87. Validity is used in the context of

    • (a) Proposition
    • (b) Induction
    • (c) Deduction
    • (d) Sentence
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

88. 88. ______ syllogism has a conditional statement as major premise and categorical statement as minor premise and conclusion.

    • (a) Hypothetical
    • (b) Pure hypothetical
    • (c) Mixed hypothetical
    • (d) None of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

89. 89. The simple parts of a conjunction are called

    • (a) Disjuncts
    • (b) Antecedents
    • (c) Consequents
    • (d) Conjuncts
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

90. 90. A Statement that contains another statement as its component is called ______ statement.

    • (a) Compound
    • (b) Simple
    • (c) Unitary
    • (d) Truth functional
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

91. 91. Which is not a basic Law of Thought ?

    • (a) Principle of identity
    • (b) Principle of validity
    • (c) Principle of noncontradiction
    • (d) Principle of excluded middle
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

92. 92. The statement “It is false that all humans are immortal” is an example for

    • (a) Negation
    • (b) Disjunction
    • (c) Conjunction
    • (d) Implication
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

93. 93. The symbolic form of the statement “It is not the case that either Egypt’s food shortage worsens or Jordan requests more American aid” is

    • (a) ~ E ∨ J
    • (b) E ∨ ~ J
    • (c) E ∨ J
    • (d) ~ (E ∨ J)
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d)

94. 94. If A, B and C are true, and X, Y and Z are false, which of the following is false?

    • (a) ~ A ∨ B
    • (b) ~ B ∨ X
    • (c) ~ Y ∨ C
    • (d) ~ Z ∨ X
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

95. 95. The statement “If the blue litmus paper is immersed in acid, then it will turn red” is an example for

    • (a) Conjunction
    • (b) Disjunction
    • (c) Implication
    • (d) Negation
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

96. 96. The alternative version of distribution is

    • (a) [p ∨ (q.r)] ≡ [(p ∨ q). (p ∨ r)]
    • (b) [p.(q ∨ r)] ≡ [(p.q) ∨ (p.r)]
    • (c) [p ⊃ (q.r)] ≡ [(p ⊃ q).(p ⊃ r)]
    • (d) [(p.q) ⊃ r] ≡ [p ⊃ (q ⊃ r)]
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c)

97. 97. If A, B and C are true and X, Y and Z are false, which of the following is true ?

    • (a) X ⊃ ( Y ⊃ Z)
    • (b) A ⊃ (B ⊃ Z)
    • (c) (A ⊃ B) ⊃ Z
    • (d) A ⊃ X
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a)

98. 98. In the statement of existential instantiation, p should have

    • (a) only one free occurrence of ν
    • (b) no free occurrence of ν
    • (c) no bound occurrence of ν
    • (d) none of the above
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

99. 99. The symbolic form of an argument is called

    • (a) Argument calculus
    • (b) Argument form
    • (c) Argument function
    • (d) Propositional calculus
    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b)

100. 100. If (p ∨ q) is to be true

     • (a) Both p and q must be true
     • (b) p must be true and q must be false
     • (c) p must be false and q must be true
     • (d) All the above
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (d)

101. 101. Which one is the condition for being true of the truth-function of the material equivalence ?

     • (a) The truth-value of both propositions must either be true or false
     • (b) The truth-value of one proposition must be false
     • (c) The truth-value of one proposition must be true
     • (d) The truth-value of both propositions must be neither true nor false
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

102. 102. A statement form that has only true substitution instances is called

     • (a) Contradiction
     • (b) Contingent
     • (c) Tautology
     • (d) Analytic statement
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (c)

103. 103. A statement form that has only false substitution instances is said to be

     • (a) Contingent
     • (b) A contradiction
     • (c) A tautology
     • (d) Synthetic
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

104. 104. Which one of the following thinkers has considered that the central problem of logic is to classify the arguments as good or bad ?

     • (a) P.T. Geach
     • (b) Charles Peirce
     • (c) J.M. Baldwin
     • (d) Gary Leach
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

105. 105. ~ ( p ∨ q ) is logically equivalent to

     • (a) ~ p ∨ q
     • (b) p ∨ ~ q
     • (c) (~ p .~ q)
     • (d) (p . q)
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (c)

106. 106. Which one of the following statement-forms is contingent ?

     • (a) P ⊃~P
     • (b) P ⊃ (P ⊃ P)
     • (c) (P ⊃~P).(~P ⊃ P)
     • (d) P.~P
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

107. 107. In the case of universal generalisation, (μ) (ϕμ) should

     • (a) have only one free occurrence of ν
     • (b) have only one bound occurrence of ν
     • (c) have no free occurrence of ν
     • (d) none of the above
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (c)

108. 108. Which one of the following constitutes the rule of addition ?

     • (a) p ⊃ q / p / ∴ q
     • (b) p / ∴ p ∨ q
     • (c) p / q / ∴ p . q
     • (d) p . q / ∴ p
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

109. 109. The conclusion of analogy is

     • (a) Certain
     • (b) Probable
     • (c) More probable than that of induction
     • (d) More probable than that of deduction
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

110. 110. “Arguments, like men, are often pretenders”. This statement is attributed to

     • (a) Plato
     • (b) Aristotle
     • (c) Pythagoras
     • (d) Zeno
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

111. 111. The type of language which serves the purpose of communicating information is called ______ language.

     • (a) Informative
     • (b) Communicative
     • (c) Expressive
     • (d) Directive
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

112. 112. Which one of the following statement forms is materially equivalent ?

     • (a) (P ⊃ Q) ≡ (~P ⊃ ~Q)
     • (b) (P ⊃ Q) ≡ (~Q ⊃ ~P)
     • (c) P ≡ [P.(Q ⊃ P)]
     • (d) (P ⊃ Q) ≡ (P ∨ Q)
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: —

113. 113. It cannot be such that a valid argument can have

     • (a) true premises and a true conclusion
     • (b) true premises and a false conclusion
     • (c) false premise and a true conclusion
     • (d) false premise and a false conclusion
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

114. 114. Logic being a sub-branch of philosophy, the term ‘Philosophy’ means

     • (a) Love
     • (b) Wisdom
     • (c) Ignorance
     • (d) Love of wisdom
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (d)

115. 115. The contradictory of the statement “No animals with horns are carnivores” is

     • (a) All animals with horns are carnivores.
     • (b) Some animals with horns are carnivores.
     • (c) Some animals with horns are not carnivores.
     • (d) No carnivore is an animal with horns.
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

116. 116. According to modern logic following statements do not have existential import

     • (a) A and E
     • (b) E and I
     • (c) I and O
     • (d) O and A
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

117. 117. p ⊃ q p ∴ q The above argument can be expressed as

     • (a) [(p ⊃ q). p ] ⊃ q
     • (b) [p ⊃ (q . p) ] ⊃ q
     • (c) (p ⊃ q) . (p ⊃ q)
     • (d) p ⊃ [(q . (p ⊃ q)]
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

118. 118. In introduced logic, conclusion cannot be possible if both premises are i. Affirmative ii. Negative iii. Universal iv. Particular

     • (a) i, iii
     • (b) ii, iv
     • (c) i, ii
     • (d) ii, iii
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

119. 119. The symbol p ≡ q implies

     • (a) Tautology
     • (b) Contradiction
     • (c) Contingent
     • (d) Equivalence
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (d)

120. 120. Consider the following propositions and choose the correct answer: “All judges are lawyers”. “Some judges are not lawyers”. In the above, the statements are

     • (a) Same in quantity and differ in quality
     • (b) Same in quality and differ in quantity
     • (c) Same both in respect of quality and quantity
     • (d) Differ both in respect of quality and quantity
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (d)

121. 121. Mark the option which is not correct.

     • (a) if both antecedent and consequent are true, the statement is true
     • (b) if antecedent is true and consequent is false, the statement is true
     • (c) if both the antecedent and consequent are false, then the statement is true
     • (d) if the antecedent is true and consequent is false, the statement is false
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

122. 122. Choose the correct answer among the following.

     • (a) A and E are contradictories
     • (b) I and O are sub contraries
     • (c) A and I are contraries
     • (d) E and I are sub alterns
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (b)

123. 123. Choose the correct rule of inference for the following argument. (A ⊃ B) · (C ⊃ D) ∴ A ⊃ B

     • (a) Simplification
     • (b) Absorption
     • (c) Conjunction
     • (d) Addition
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

124. 124. Match the following : List – I (Obvertend) a. All S is P b. No S is P c. Some S is P d. Some S is not P List – II (Obverse) i. Some S is non P ii. Some S is not non P iii. All S is non P iv. No S is non P Codes :

     • (a) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
     • (b) a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
     • (c) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
     • (d) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)

125. 125. All horses are four footed animals. No oxen are horses. ∴ No oxen are four footed animals. The above argument involves the fallacy of

     • (a) Illicit Major
     • (b) Illicit Minor
     • (c) Undistributed Middle
     • (d) Four terms
     उत्तर देखें

     उत्तर: (a)